The SLA's formation was a direct response to the complex sectarian dynamics of Lebanon, exacerbated by external interventions.
Israel's strategy of using local militias like the SLA reflects a broader pattern of proxy warfare in the region.
The historical context of the SLA may influence current Israeli strategies in southern Lebanon, as tensions continue to simmer in the region.
Future military and political developments in Lebanon could see the emergence of new alliances or conflicts similar to those seen during the SLA's existence.
The Formation and Role of the South Lebanon Army
The South Lebanon Army (SLA) was established during the Lebanese Civil War, which began in 1975 and lasted for 15 years, resulting in significant loss of life and widespread destruction. The SLA was formed by Saad Haddad, a Maronite Christian officer, with substantial support from Israel. This military entity aimed to counter the influence of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and other factions in southern Lebanon. Israel's involvement included providing military and logistical support, as well as social services to the local population, which aimed to garner support for the SLA.
The SLA played a crucial role in the Israeli military strategy during the conflict, particularly during Operation Litani in 1978, which sought to push PLO forces north of the Litani River. This operation resulted in significant civilian casualties and displacement, leading to international condemnation and the establishment of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) to restore stability. Despite the withdrawal of Israeli forces later that year, the SLA continued to operate as a proxy military force, carrying out operations against Palestinian factions and maintaining control over southern Lebanon.
- The SLA's leadership transitioned to Antoine Lahad after Haddad's death in 1984. Lahad attempted to professionalize the army and expand its base of support, but faced increasing military pressure from Hezbollah and other resistance groups. By the late 1990s, the SLA's position weakened significantly, leading to its eventual collapse following Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000.
