Transformation of Syrian Opposition Forces
In recent years, the Syrian opposition, particularly Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), has undergone a significant transformation from a besieged jihadist group to a formidable military force. Once struggling for survival, HTS now boasts a military academy, a central command, and specialized units including infantry, artillery, and drones. This evolution has been particularly evident in their recent military operations in Idlib province, where they have demonstrated enhanced capabilities against the regime of Bashar al-Assad.
Experts, including Aaron Zelin from the Washington Foundation, note that HTS has effectively become a polished army, capable of executing complex operations. The group has benefited from an influx of weapons into Syria since 2011, supported by Turkey and Arab nations, alongside U.S. backing for rebel forces. However, it is the local manufacturing of drones and missiles that has significantly increased HTS's threat level, especially against a regime lacking effective anti-drone defenses.
Advancements in Drone Warfare
HTS has recently showcased its drone capabilities, including suicide drone attacks on Syrian army meetings and air bases. These drones, produced in small workshops using 3D printing technology, have allowed HTS to monitor and target regime forces effectively. The group has also developed long-range rockets and mortars, unveiling a new guided missile system known as “Caesar,” which is believed to have substantial firepower.
The organization has managed to capture advanced military equipment from both rival armed groups and regime forces, including anti-aircraft systems like the Russian-made Pantsir. This acquisition of air defense systems could mitigate one of HTS's significant vulnerabilities—the threat posed by Russian airstrikes. While Turkey does not directly supply HTS due to its designation as a terrorist organization, analysts suggest that some of HTS's resources have come from Ankara-backed rebel factions, indicating a complex web of military support and resource acquisition in the region.
