Syria's history of military coups reflects deep-rooted political instability influenced by both internal divisions and external pressures.
The geopolitical significance of Syria has attracted foreign interventions, complicating its political landscape and contributing to the frequency of coups.
The ongoing conflict in Syria may lead to further instability, with the potential for new military interventions or coups as various factions vie for power.
The future of Syria's political system remains uncertain, as revolutionary forces attempt to navigate a transitional phase without repeating past mistakes.
Understanding Syria's Military Coup History
Syria has a complex history of military coups, making it one of the most susceptible countries to such events in the Arab world. Following the French occupation in 1946, Syria experienced a series of military coups, beginning with Husni al-Zaim in March 1949 and culminating with Hafez al-Assad's takeover in 1970. Over two decades, the military elite exerted significant influence over the country's political landscape, leading to eight coups that shaped Syria's modern history. The most impactful of these was the Baathist coup in 1963, which established a regime that lasted for over fifty years.
Factors Contributing to Military Coups
The reasons behind these military coups are multifaceted, involving both internal and external dynamics. Former Syrian Army Brigadier General Muhammad Maarouf, who participated in the second coup, highlights the geopolitical significance of Syria, which has made it a target for foreign interventions. The ambitions of neighboring Arab countries, particularly the Hashemites in Jordan and Iraq, and the influence of superpowers like the United States and the Soviet Union have played crucial roles in Syria's political instability. Historical accounts suggest that the U.S. had a hand in the success of the first coup, while the Soviet Union sought to counter American influence by supporting various factions within Syria.
Moreover, internal divisions among military leaders, political elites, and sectarian groups have exacerbated the situation. The legacy of colonialism, which encouraged minority groups to join the military, has also contributed to the rise of military factions that often acted against civilian governance. The interplay of these factors has created a volatile political environment, leading to repeated coups and a cycle of authoritarian rule.
