EU Passes Landmark Nature Restoration Act Despite Farmer Protests

A new EU nature conservation law, known as the Nature Restoration Act, has been passed after almost two years of negotiations. The legislation, which aims to address the poor condition of habitats across the EU, has stirred significant controversy, particularly among farmers who are concerned that it will negatively impact food security. Despite these concerns, the law received sufficient support from EU states and was passed in Luxembourg on June 17, following a pivotal change in stance by Austria.

The Nature Restoration Act, proposed by the European Commission, aims to restore approximately 80% of habitats in the European Union that are currently in poor condition. It also seeks to protect endangered species like bees and butterflies and improve soil health. While the law has garnered support from environmental groups and scientists, it has faced strong opposition from farmers and Christian Democrats who fear it could lead to significant cuts in agricultural production.

In response to these concerns, the law was amended to accommodate farmers. The final compromise eliminates the requirement for farmers to allocate a specific percentage of their land for environmentally friendly measures. However, it may still necessitate changes in how certain areas are managed. For instance, areas that are rewet may no longer be suitable for arable farming but can be used as pastures.

Despite these adjustments, the German Farmers' Association criticizes the law as a backward step. Secretary General Bernhard Krüsken stated that the law imposes far-reaching regulatory requirements and ignores the contributions of agriculture and forestry to food production, renewable raw materials, and renewable energy. He argues that the approach undermines cooperative nature conservation efforts.

Conversely, scientists and environmental experts defend the law, arguing that it is crucial for biodiversity, climate protection, and ultimately food security. According to the European Science Academies (EASAC), the law does not threaten food security but enhances it by supporting sustainable environmental practices. Professor Michael Norton from EASAC suggests that opposition to the law is motivated more by business interests within the agricultural industry, such as the distribution of pesticides and fertilizers, rather than genuine concerns about food security.

The Nature Restoration Act mandates EU countries to take measures to restore nature on at least one-fifth of their land and sea areas by 2030. This includes efforts like restoring peatlands to absorb CO₂ emissions. The law is a critical component of the EU's strategy to combat climate change. However, not all member states are on board; Finland, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and Sweden voted against the law, while Belgium abstained.

Despite Italy's active participation in the negotiations, Deputy Minister for the Environment, Vannia Gava, expressed dissatisfaction with the final agreement, citing increased administrative and economic burdens on the agricultural sector. Italy's opposition underscores the ongoing conflict between economic interests and environmental sustainability within the EU’s legislative framework.