Tunisia's vulnerability to climate change is exacerbated by its economic challenges, making renewable energy a critical focus for recovery.
The Elmed project represents a significant step towards energy independence for Tunisia, potentially transforming it into a renewable energy hub for Europe.
The shift towards green hydrogen production poses risks related to water scarcity, highlighting the need for sustainable practices in Tunisia's energy transition.
If Tunisia successfully attracts foreign investment, it could become a leader in renewable energy production in North Africa.
The implementation of high-mount solar panel technology could enhance agricultural productivity while addressing energy needs.
Continued political and economic instability may hinder Tunisia's renewable energy ambitions, delaying progress towards its 2030 goals.
Solar Energy in Tunisia: Navigating Political Challenges and Opportunities
Tunisia is at a critical juncture in its pursuit of renewable energy, particularly solar power, as it grapples with significant political and economic challenges. Despite being one of the least contributors to greenhouse gas emissions globally, Tunisia is among the most affected by climate change, facing severe droughts and economic crises exacerbated by global events such as the Russia-Ukraine war and the COVID-19 pandemic. These factors have led to rising fuel prices and heightened pressure on the country's natural gas resources, pushing marginalized communities further into energy poverty.
The Tunisian government aims to increase the share of renewable energy in its electricity mix from a mere 3% to 35% by 2030, as outlined in the 2024 “Renewable Energy for the Economy” report by the World Bank. This ambitious goal is supported by the Elmed project, which will connect Tunisia's electricity grid with Italy, enhancing energy security and reducing reliance on costly natural gas imports. The Elmed project, a collaboration between TERNA and STEG, is expected to significantly improve Tunisia's electricity system and facilitate the export of renewable energy to Europe.
In addition to the Elmed project, Tunisia has initiated the construction of photovoltaic solar power plants in Gafsa and Tataouine, with a total investment of 800 million Tunisian dinars. These projects are part of a broader strategy to develop 500 megawatts of solar capacity across the country, which is crucial for achieving the national goal of 35% renewable energy integration by 2030. The Kairouan solar project, for instance, aims to supply energy to 43,000 families while offsetting significant carbon emissions.
However, Tunisia's journey towards renewable energy is hindered by bureaucratic obstacles, a lack of foreign investment, and the need for approximately 8 billion euros in funding for its solar initiatives. The country has transitioned from being an energy exporter to a net importer, highlighting the urgency for foreign investment in renewable energy to alleviate its energy deficit. Despite the potential for solar energy production due to Tunisia's favorable climate, the country lags behind its North African neighbors in solar energy deployment.
Moreover, the push for green hydrogen production raises concerns about water scarcity, as producing hydrogen requires substantial water resources. Critics argue that the focus on renewable energy must not come at the expense of Tunisia's environmental sustainability and the well-being of its citizens. The privatization of the electricity and gas sector also poses risks, as it may prioritize profit over public service, further complicating the energy landscape in Tunisia.
As Tunisia navigates these challenges, the question remains whether it can leverage its unique climate and strategic location to achieve energy self-sufficiency and meet the growing energy demands of Europe without compromising its sovereignty.
