Imagined Empires: A History of the Revolution in Upper Egypt
The book "Imagined Empires: A History of the Revolution in Upper Egypt," authored by Zainab Abu al-Majd and translated by Ahmed Zaki Othman, presents a critical examination of the historical narrative surrounding Upper Egypt. The prevailing view often centers on Cairo, attributing the founding of modern Egypt to Muhammad Ali Pasha and overlooking the significant contributions and struggles of Upper Egypt. Abu al-Majd argues that this narrative is a selective account shaped by the Cairene bourgeoisie and colonial historians, effectively marginalizing the rich history of Upper Egypt.
The book, originally a doctoral dissertation at Georgetown University, explores the political and economic dynamics of Upper Egypt from the 16th century onwards, highlighting the region's resistance to various empires, including the Ottomans, French, and British. Abu al-Majd's research is based on extensive archival work, including official correspondence and court records, revealing how successive empires sought to suppress Upper Egypt's autonomy and resources, leading to environmental degradation and social unrest.
The Role of Prince Hammam
One of the pivotal figures in Upper Egypt's history is Prince Hammam, who led a semi-autonomous state in the 18th century. The book details Hammam's governance, which provided a degree of economic prosperity and social justice for the local population, contrasting sharply with the oppressive policies of later rulers. Despite his significant contributions, Hammam's legacy has been largely overlooked in mainstream historical accounts. Abu al-Majd emphasizes Hammam's alliances and the socio-political structure he established, which allowed for a degree of self-governance and cultural renaissance in Upper Egypt.
Marginalization and Resistance
The narrative of marginalization continues through the 19th century, particularly under Muhammad Ali's rule, where Upper Egypt was treated as an internal colony. The book discusses the economic exploitation of the region, the imposition of foreign labor systems, and the neglect of infrastructure, which exacerbated social inequalities. Abu al-Majd highlights key uprisings, such as the 1824 revolt against Muhammad Ali, showcasing the persistent resistance of Upper Egyptians against oppressive regimes.
The author also examines the impact of Khedive Ismail's policies, which further entrenched Upper Egypt's marginalization within the national framework. The neglect of Upper Egypt in legislative and economic discussions led to widespread discontent, culminating in significant uprisings, including the notable revolution led by Sheikh Ahmed al-Tayeb in 1865.
Conclusion: A Call for Recognition
Abu al-Majd's work serves as a crucial reminder of the historical significance of Upper Egypt and its people. By employing an imperial lens to analyze the region's history, the book seeks to answer critical questions about the socio-economic disparities that persist today. It challenges readers to reconsider the narratives surrounding Egyptian history and recognize the contributions and struggles of marginalized regions like Upper Egypt. Ultimately, "Imagined Empires" is not just a historical account but a call for recognition and understanding of the complexities of Egypt's past.
